Strategic Analysis

Introduction to Business Submitted to: Miss. Rabia Hassan Assignment # 1 Section: K Topic: Strategic Alliance Tata and Starbucks Group Members: * Khubaib Yaqub * Rana Zeeshan * Momna Ahmad * Iqra Pervaiz * Aimen Naqvi * Iqra Tariq * Huma Akram TATA Coffee and STARBUCKS Indian Coffee Industry: India is the fifth largest producer of coffee in the world, producing more than four percent of the world’s coffee, with the bulk production in southern states. In India the average coffee consumption per day is estimated to be ten cups per day. Only India produces its coffee in indoor facility.Indian coffee has a unique historic flavor and aroma. Tata Coffee: Tata produces coffee on its private land. They process the beans and export green coffee. Tata also manufacture and exports Instant coffee. Starbucks: Starbucks is an International chain of coffee and coffeehouse based in Seattle and Washington. Starbucks prefers quality over price and is specialized in coffee and related beverages. Starbucks does the business of coffee, Italian-style espresso beverages, cold blended beverages, high quality teas and coffee related equipment and accessories. About the Deal:Starbucks is joining hands with Tata to set up stores in Tata group’s retail outlets and hotels other then sourcing and roasting beans at Tata Coffees Kodagu facility with its particular process. The deal includes opening cafes, roasting and sourcing beans. Both Tata and Starbucks will have to solve the franchisee-led business model of Starbucks. Both companies have agreed to set up a 50:50% joint venture of growing hot beverages in India Market with a name called â€Å"Tata Starbucks Ltd†. Starbucks will be operated and owned across India through this venture. Their brand name will be named as Starbucks Coffee â€Å"A Tata Alliance†.Tata and Starbucks have agreed to open 50 cafes in several cities of India in 2012 starting with Delhi and Mumbai. Youth of India has increased the use of we stern Coffee Cafes. In India competitors of Starbucks includes Barista, Cafe coffee Day and Costa Coffee. Together Tata and Starbucks will control a market of Coffee Cafes which is estimated at over Rs. 700 crore a year. The agreement of separate roasting and sourcing between Tata Coffee Ltd and Starbucks Coffee Company Ltd in future will roast coffee to supply to Tata Starbucks and will export to Starbucks Coffee Company for its overseas operations.India produces Coffee over Rs. 3, 000 crore a year. Objectives of Tata Coffee behind this Deal: * Opportunity for TATA coffee to provide roasted coffee beans to Starbucks in India. * Get a chance to jointly invest in facility for export to other market. * Starbucks will provide new technology to the promotion of responsible agronomy practices. * A long term relationship will be formed with this MOU signed with Starbucks. * Tata coffee becomes Asia’s biggest publicly traded coffee grower. Vision: * Tata coffee will become the prefe rred choice in elite market. Customer satisfaction, centricity, quality, sustainability, and an engaged workforce will be our drivers to achieve Rs. 1, 000 crore enterprise by 2015. * In Future Tata coffee shall be perceived as one of the most respected organizations in the plantation and extraction business. Mission: * To simantinaously improve value to stakeholders through our operations while ensuring and improving the ecological wealth entrusted to us. * Enhance quality of life of the people. * Be an exemplary corporate citizen havingTata values with total commitment to the communities in which we operate. | Values: * Integrity * Understanding * Excellence * Unity * Responsibility * Safe working Environment| | | | | Objectives of Starbucks Behind this deal: * Through this MOU Starbucks will be able to India’s market. * India can be a useful source of coffee in domestic market for Starbucks. * Starbucks will have the opportunity to get the knowhow of India market through T ata Global Beverages. * There will be synergy because Tata also has a business I retail market. Mission Statement:To establish Starbucks as the premier producer and provider of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles as we grow. Environmental Mission Statement: * To understand and share environmental problems. * Inventing a flexible solution to bring a change. * Revolutionise to buy and sell products which are environment friendly. * Recognizing that fiscal responsibility is essential to our environmental future. * Instilling environmental responsibility as a corporate value. Guiding Principles: * To be assertive and provide a good working environment. An essential way of our business is to discourage discrimination. * Apply the highest standards of excellence to the purchasing, roasting, and fresh delivery of our coffee. * Making the customers enthusiastically satisfied. * Positive contribution towards communities and our environment. * To und erstand that profitability is essential to our future success. Advantages: * Tata and Starbucks both are the companies are leading in their sector respectively. * It is going to be a social project in India. * High quality green coffee beans are going to be produced. Considered jointly investing in additional facilities for exports to other markets. * Sources will be utilized by both in encouraging core competency. * The consumption of coffee is expected to grow at 6% annually. * Other companies can also approach Tata coffee for their raw product. * With the help of this deal Tata coffee will enhance to the branded coffee retail market. Competitive Advantage of Tata Coffee: Tata has maintained a strict consistency in quality whereas Tata is the world’s largest indoor coffee plantation company producing heavy quantity of special, strain specific and premium coffee.Tata’s coffee has a major consumption in Arabic-centric markets. Competitive advantage of Starbucks: Starbu cks has the largest number of coffee houses in the world having a very strong brand image. They have loyal customers all around the world. Disadvantages: * The selling price of Starbucks is not cheap. * The entry of Starbucks has on the out-of-home coffee consumption market and this will effect alliance of Tata coffee with Barista. * There is no exclusivity for each other from both sides. * The demand I India is highly elastic so Starbucks will have to address its pricing issues. There are several competitions in the segment of Starbucks. * Coffee price continue to rule at historical laws and this definitely has an effect on the bottom line of Tata coffee. Conclusion: * This deal will be beneficial for both Tata and Starbucks as it is opening new phases for both. * Starbucks will be able to enter India’s market after having the MOU signed. * Tata will have the opportunity to enter into retail outlet business by joining hands with Starbucks. * A Revolution will take place in I ndia’s coffee retail outlet business.

First Day of Classes

A9927139 English Writing March 13, 2013 First Day of Classes (draft 1) Throughout the first twenty years in most of our life, we have attended the first day of classes several times. This time, why not abandon the ancient way and be only one of its kinds. Early in the morning, students come to school half an hour before the bell rings. Step in to the school gate with a little part of our shirt out, so the prefect can catch us for not tucking the shirts in. The school petrol will definitely have a tremendous impression on us on the first day.Then, once students enter their classrooms, look around the existing mammal in the class, gaze at new classmates appearance and judge a book by its cover to decide whom we want to become friend with. Obviously we do not want to have a new amiga who is pretty but dumb, but at least it is better than without covering and being stupid. During the class, remember not to show off your talent and ability too early, and wait until the last minute. If no one else in the class can answer the question, then go for it.This is how our image of intelligent is formed; hopefully the rest of the class will praise you as Athena. Comes the break time, this is the perfect timing for us to acquaint new friends. We can see herds of pupils gather around and start giggling and gossiping. Try to start a conversation with peers we desire to be friends with and stick to them for the first few days. Friend’s accompany gives a sense of safety. After repeating the last two steps, there comes the end of the day. Farewell to our new friends and wish us a bright tomorrow.

Rationale for Moral Action After 1918 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rationale for Moral Action After 1918 - Essay Example Discovering that even the states were fallible in their interpretations of moral action, individuals were left in confusion attempting to discover just what was expected of them and how they were supposed to answer these major questions of life. To determine what rationale could be used to assess correct moral action after 1918, a number of authors began to write about the subject, or around the subject, attempting to provide their readers with a sense of what was right and what was wrong based upon newly established criteria in keeping with their individual viewpoint. Before discovering what authors such as Hannah Arendt, Modris Eksteins, Franz Fanon and Heda Kovaly have to say about morality and legitimacy, one must first have a clear idea of what is meant when the term ‘morality’ is used. There are a number of things that can be implied when using the word ‘morality.’ According to Bernard Gert (2008), morality can be used â€Å"to refer to a code of conduct put forward by a society, some other group such as religion or accepted by an individual for her own behavior.† It can also be used to refer to a specific code of conduct that would normally be used by any group of rational people. There is a distinct difference in these two definitions that lies at the heart of the morality question. The first understanding suggests that there are different codes of morality for different people or cultural groups that are not necessarily valid in another group. This implies that the second definition cannot hold true because it suggests that there is a sort of universal code of conduct that is applicable to all human races, cultures and religious practices. When looking at the work of the above-named authors, it seems clear that they are attempting to suggest this sort of universal code is valid, but that its interpretation is not always equally applied.

Marketing strategy of Fiat Grande Punto Abarth Essay

Marketing strategy of Fiat Grande Punto Abarth - Essay Example Adding the Abarth treatment will especially appeal to the youth segment of Fiat's market. The formation of a racing and rally team comes off as an attractive progression to the market when the Grand Punto Abarth S2000 won the Italian and European Rally Championships in 2006. Marketing schemes include promotional clothing and merchandise. As announced, the new Abarth division within Fiat comes off strong in experienced manpower support, "with a total of 113 experts, including 26 engineers, 43 on the manufacturing side of the business and nine dedicated purely to motorsport." The use of the scorpion emblem on the new Grande Punto shown in the recent Geneva Motor Show also is a particularly strong and visceral image that communicates well that Fiat's small car has power and "sting". Further, the marketing of the new Grande Punto Abarthe uses in full force the Abarthe legacy within Fiat that has been long relegated to the company's in-house tuning division. Absorbed by Fiat in 1971, the Abarth company founded by Carlo Abarth produced sporty versions of Fiat models. The last stand-alone Abarth model produced by Fiat was 1984 Ritmo 130 TC Abarth according to the Carblogger website. The strategy of reviving the Abarth marque within Fiat seems to be half-measure towards a full return of the Abarth model in the automaker stable of brands. The strategy is still to infuse Fiat models with the Abarth interpretation of a motorsports power and allure as it has done in the past. However, the more visual return of the marque (i.e the use of the scorpion logo) has started with the successful Grande Punto model, and Fiat has announced that the next car models to get Abarth treatment will be the Bravo and the Fiat 500. While not in itself a brand, the new marketing moves seems to communicate that this is so.And if this is so in full practice, Fiat may have created an all-new and stand-alone and modern Abarth brand that incorporates its traditional hold on motorsport glory and Fiat's known hold on the market for its pricing affordability. Instead of a piecemeal approach to allow the public to sample the Abarth treatment in every Fiat model, the company could have tested the Fiat Grande Punto Abarth market response in so far as to create an all-new market for a stand-alone Abarth brand. Thus, the marketing strategy may communicate well with existing and loyal Fiat buyers, and create even bigger demand within the captured market of Fiat, especially the young and bolder segments. However, this may not happen as effectively or as successfully to the market not yet reached by Fiat or those who have never bought Fiat cars in the past. For one, the brand is still in fact tied to "interpreting" its mark on Fiat's existing and successful car models. While marketing promotions as a communication strategy will add a notch over-all

Human Resource Management Autonomy, Data Collection, and Job Research Paper

Human Resource Management Autonomy, Data Collection, and Job Descriptions - Research Paper Example n of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, as defined in Self-Determination Theory, has been identified as an important predictor of individuals’ optimal functioning in various life domains.’ (Broeck, Vansteenkiste, Witte, Soenens & Lens, 2010) Thus autonomy yields a positive attitude towards life and work resulting in improved performance and low employee turnover in an organization. According to the latest issue of TIME magazine, the CEO of Apple Tim Cook sets the example of giving autonomy to his team thus motivating them to be more responsible and productive ‘Cook knows that his commitment to excellence is inseparable from the incredible ensemble at Apple.’ (Gore 2012) The collection of job analysis information is done through questionnaires, interviews and observation. These three traditional methods provide detailed information for the job analysis and generate data used to produce the required job description and job specification. The information gathered through questionnaires gives an overview to the job requirements’ thus matching it to the employee’s ability. The interview process gives detailed in-depth information helpful in the formation of job description. The observation method provides chances of any required amendments in the job description based on the personalized analysis of the employee and his ability to perform his tasks. ‘It is important to analyze specific issues for job analysis information.’ (Condrey 2010) In order to understand the specific issues, the methods are also used in combination with each other in order to provide a better platform for structuring the job description for the employees . Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., Witte, H., Soenens, B., & Lens, W., (2010). Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: Construction and initial validation of the work-related basic need satisfaction scale. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 83,

The Nursing & Management of a Patient with an Acute Exacerbation of Essay

The Nursing & Management of a Patient with an Acute Exacerbation of their Asthma - Essay Example Between 10 and 20 per cent control their condition well, but there continues to be about 2,000 deaths a year (Dolan and Holt 2000, Davies-Gray 2000, Eaton 2002, Resuscitation Council (UK) 2000). British Heart Foundation (2003) statistics show that mortality from coronary heart disease is falling significantly, and, although the number of asthma deaths is small by comparison, the static nature of asthma mortality rates is alarming especially because asthma deaths are probably more preventable than those from direct cardiac causes are. Asthma is defined as narrowing of the airways, which is reversible either spontaneously or because of treatment. The well-known symptoms of asthma are shortness of breath, wheeze and cough which may develop suddenly, in an acute attack, or over a period. Nurses need to be aware that adult people with asthma who experience breathlessness associated with activities of daily living, such as putting out washing or walking up stairs, may discount these symptoms and put them down to old age and lack of fitness, when in fact it may be their asthma becoming increasingly active and uncontrolled. The Stages of an Acute Attack are very terrible for the affected patients. These symptoms often start out similar to a usual attack; coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and recession (drawing in the flesh between the ribs and sternum). In an acute attack, however, the symptoms persist, and become more marked or even change in nature. The asthmatic often becomes quiet and withdrawn, focusing on the struggle to breathe. The patient sits hunched over, which enables the muscles of the upper body to help expand the chest and consequently the lungs.

Hybrids versus Electrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hybrids versus Electrics - Essay Example   Even though the electric cars had low-speed limits, they still held numerous advantages over their gasoline counterparts including minimal noise emissions, and no vibrations and smells produced by engine combustions and rotations. Furthermore, an electric car driver did not need to change gears while driving like the gasoline car driver had to and as such, they were easier to drive. The electric cars were especially popular among city dwellers, especially the women who were targeted by the cars’ marketers citing its easiness in operation. The electric cars’ sales were initially impeded by the limited electricity infrastructure but this set back was overcome by 1912 when most homes had access to electricity, driving a surge in sales of the cars. This was also the year when the early electrics sales peaked (Leitman & Brant, 36).The 1913 invention of the starter that enabled gasoline cars to start with ease almost caused the extinction of the electric cars and steam au tomobiles. Sales in electric vehicles dropped sharply with the next six decades experiencing dormancy in their mass production as gasoline cars became the preferred choice. However, the 1970s Arab oil embargo created new interest in the cars and environmental concerns also played a significant role in boosting their production. Hybrids are also considered electric though they are not purely electric as they only run as electric at low speeds above which the vehicles operate just like ICE with the exception of their braking systems.

Assumptions of Human Behavior Personal Statement

Assumptions of Human Behavior - Personal Statement Example Her way of writing the letters, as emails and chats were not so prevalent few years back, was so charming that I had assumed her as the most beautiful girl on the earth. We finally fixed up a meeting and to my utter disappointment she was much older and totally devoid of the glamour I had attached to her in my conception. May be those were the fancies of a teenager about an unseen person but later I came across many similarly shocking revelations. For example as a student I had developed high regard for our literature teacher. She had a very calm, composed and elegant personality and I had her image in my mind as a person full of compassion. Once I saw her in the market place, shouting on top of her voice over some trivial matter. I felt as if she was hammering upon the beautiful image I had carved out for her in my heart. Human nature always keeps startling us in various ways. Many a times these revelations come to us after long associations. For instance, an elderly lady who was my business associate had taken great liking for me. Although we did business together, she treated me as her son. We had long conversations and she made me feel like her most precious associations. She confided in me about each and every matter including her souring relationship with her own children. She often told me how inconsiderate they had become towards her. She also appreciated my cordial relations with everyone around me and many a times even pleaded me to tell her how she can improve her relations with her family. Although I was much younger to her, she looked forward to my advice on all matters. One day I succumbed to her pleadings and made the mistake of telling her how she could improve her behavior. To my utter amazement, she turned around just like the ugly frog turning into a beautiful prince. This time it was the other way round. It was the beautiful prince or princess turning into an ugly frog. Her honey dipped tongue suddenly started shooting poison arrows at me. And in fraction of a second I was not only thrown down from the cloud nine where she had placed me but was trampled upon with demeaning expletives. This experience and many other experiences prove that human nature is totally unpredictable and it is very difficult to assume human behavior and reactions. At the same time, we still keep building a mental image of a person based on certain behavior portrayed by him or her. May be this is Nature's way of keeping the human race alive because in absence of any kind of expectation, we will lose interest in life. We have to accept such behavior as part of life. Even tiny creatures like birds show dedicated affection for their young ones who fly out of the nest as soon as they learn how to fly. The parent birds do not spend rest of their life shedding tears over this. They move on. We human beings are larger than those birds and that is why our behavior also has more amplified aspects and our reactions are even more amplified. This may be a natural trait but we can improve upon it with some acquired behavior just like we have acquired behavior in dressing, cooking and eating. We can learn to be mentally prepared for facing sudden change in people's behavior and not be so shocked. It is not an easy task just like learning to walk is not an easy task for a baby, just like tying shoelaces is not an easy task for a child. But they all learn it. We all can also learn that human

Role of the Researcher and Participants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Role of the Researcher and Participants - Essay Example Since this research employs in-depth interviewing, the researcher has to conduct the interviews and administer questionnaires, while ensuring that the information gathered is relevant and is of high quality. In this research, the researcher will serve as the human instrument; therefore, will be charged with asking probing questions, listening, and getting into the deeper levels of the interviews with participants (Hammersley, 2010). Before data collection, it is the role of the researcher to choose the research population, including the criteria for selection, as well as the methodology for the research. In this research therefore, the researcher based the criterion for selection of participants on the aspect of their experience in international negotiations. Therefore, the researcher has the role of ensuring that only those individuals meeting the criteria for selection participate in the research. This will be essential in ensuring that the data collected is relevant to the researc h topic, and is of high quality, as the right participants will have the capability of providing valid and important insights into the research topic. Another important role of the researcher during the research process is to ensure positive relationship with the participants, including the employees of the organizations from which some of the data will be drawn. It is of great importance for the researcher to ensure that the response from participants is positive. This can mainly be achieved by ensuring that the relationship between the researcher and participants is positive. Through this, the participants will have a positive attitude toward the researcher, and will be obliged to cooperate with the... Role of the Researcher and Participants The researcher and the participants are core to any research process. These have different roles they play, which are important in ensuring the successful completion of the research process. This paper focuses on my role as a researcher, including ways that I will adopt to ensure a good relationship with the participants and employees, with whom I will interact during the research process. The intended research on Indian negotiation styles is qualitative in nature, and is also a phenomenological study. In-depth interviews with specific participants and questionnaires will be employed, in order to obtain their perceptions on negotiations in India. Furthermore, the participants in this study include business managers, who have experience in negotiations in India. On the other hand, the researcher is a trained individual in the field of Business Management and International Business, and is currently fulfilling the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Business Administration. This b rief background about the research, the researcher, and the research participants is essential, as it helps in determining the contexts and roles of participants and the researcher in the research process. Committed participants will keep time during interviews and will exhibit a high interest in the research. If the researcher and participants play their different roles in a diligent manner, it is no doubt that quality data will be collected, and the research will be successful.

The relationship between censorship and student publications Essay Example for Free

The relationship between censorship and student publications Essay Pushing the limits of free speech and then killing it is not an uncommon theme for todays student press. Civil disobedience and censorship of student publications has been a hot-button issue since the 1960s and remains a crucial, yet under-examined area of free speech. In an assumed tolerant democracy which flaunts philosophical ideals like a free market of ideas, censorship laws have undermined the essential function of student newspapers as an outlet for challenging, insightful and investigative journalism. The following essay seeks to examine the relationship between censorship and student publications by specifically drawing on the Rabelais case. Accordingly, this essay further attempts to explore the legal and philosophical reasoning behind censoring student newspapers. In 1998, the Full Court of the Federal Court handed down its first decision which directly involved the right to political communication of a student publication1. The court held that an article advocating theft published in the La Trobe University student publication, Rabelais, instructed in matters of crime and was not protected by the implied constitutional freedom of speech.2 The appellants four editors of the publication argued that the article addressed issues of wealth distribution in a capitalist society and constituted political communication.3 Prior to Rabelais, Australian courts have never squarely confronted political communication in relation to the National Classification Code.4 Whilst the Federal Courts decision to uphold the findings of the Classification Review Board generated another proponent of control on the boundaries of political communication, it simultaneously limited the journalistic scope of student publications in challenging the moral and political patterns of society. The implications of Rabelais have since posed an explicit threat to the autonomy of student publications by which student journalists are left confined within the legally permissible censorship system.5 A common principle validating restrictions on free speech is balancing. In the case of Rabelais and similar articles in nature published in other student publications, striking a reasonable balance between political material and Australias censorship laws fosters the argument that the protection of political communication is not absolute. Judicially-considered concepts underpinning political communication6 is often subject to the maintenance and protection of the system of representative government.7 By strict adherence to this generalization, virtually all political dissent and civil disobedience is then liable to interfere with the maintenance and protection of the government system. Heerey J8 provided further insight, claiming this relationship to accommodate an imbalance in which the protection of representative democracy overrides the protection of dissent9 by student publications: It should be noted that Anarchist theory extended from non-violent writers and political leaders like Tolstoy, Thoreau and Ghandi to Proudhon (property is theft) the Anarcho-Syndicalists whose creed was that unions should become militant organizations dedicated to the destruction of capitalism and the state. All this may be in one sense politics, but the Constitutional freedom of political communication assumes indeed exists to support, foster and protect representative democracy and the rule of law. The advocacy of law breaking falls outside this protection and is antithetical to it. 10 However, the argument brought forward by his Honour is severely flawed. The knowledge needed to draw political comparisons from the works of Tolstoy, Thoreau and Ghandi lies in the mere fact that the writings of these revolutionaries were not refused classification, but available to the public for debate and reflection. In this instance, measuring competing interests on the basis of political ideologies in power would easily translate into banning all commonly dissenting student publications.11 The classic role of student publications in discussing socio-political affairs beyond the bounds of moral and legal civility is one which indeed supports, fosters and protects the system of representative democracy. This lends itself to another critical failure in determining classification of student publications. In refusing classification of Rabelais, the Review Board directly addressed the legal aspect of inciting crime, compromising the publications implied rights to political communication.12 It did so by appraising the article in isolation from other writings of political nature, published in the same edition.13 Setting aside possible constitutional questions, the approach in reviewing student publications does not distinguish between student and mainstream media. If a student press is to function as the dutiful outlet of alternative and challenging thought in society, then such definition should allow for exceptional free speech privileges. To give further reference to the limited interpretation of the role of student publications in Australia, there is a high probability that the article in question would have been permissible to publish in other countries, particularly the United States. Not only does the existence of a U.S. Bill of Rights expressly protect the rights of individuals to free speech, but an implicit rule applied by U.S. courts entitles student journalists to the highest level of First Amendment protection to sustain the traditional libertarian function of student publications. 14 The rule that student publications enjoy freestanding exemptions of restrictions underlying the First Amendment emanates from legislation based in the state of California, which expressly duplicates First Amendment rights to college and university students. 15 One can hardly ignore the advantageous effects of a similar law being implemented in Australia. Like the United States, it is widely maintained that student publications in Australia should remain wide-open free speech zones, where every form of speech is permitted and censorship controls are turned off.16 However, the recent introduction of the Voluntary Student Unionism bill17 before parliament has additionally threatened the agenda of student publications. Although the bill, which traces back to 197418, sets out to render universal student unionism voluntary, it could potentially be the first law that directly undermines students right to free speech by defunding Australias student press19. The Western Australian (WA) VSU model, which came into force in 1997, has cut funds directed to all student publications in the state, while other student advocacy bodies were lost completely.20 In conclusion, although Australia has a robust commitment to freedom of speech, on a practical level, this commitment is too often regulated by prevailing moral and legal protocols. As evidenced by the legal implications brought forward by the Rabelais case, there remains little conscious acknowledgement of the significant function of student media in challenging dominant viewpoints. Given the undoubted importance of the court in interpreting political communication, the process in determining such can only be rendered valid and objective if the historical and philosophical principles underpinning student media are taken into consideration. The burden here is not only on the narrowed definition of political communication, but the lack of an accountable and tolerant classification system. Similarly, the Rabelais case reawakens the time-worn argument of implementing an express free speech right in Australia. Given that student publications are dedicated to political dissent and civil disobedience, and thus vulnerable to legal ramifications, it would arguably seem fair to grant student media the privilege of special free speech rights, over and above all the general speech rights Australians enjoy. A law similar to that of the United States would allow society to recognize the doctrine of academic freedom and protect and maintain the free market of ideas in a representative democracy. As Parsons once said: The creative writer should enjoy a latitude greater than would be of proper to the journalist and newspaper published who deal with fact.21 1 Brown v Members of the Classification Review Board of the Office of Film and Literature Classification (1998) 154 ALR 67 (hereinafter Rabelais) 2 The article provided a step-by-step guide on how to shoplift. Pursuant to the Classification (Publication, Films and Computer Games) Act 1995, publications that describe, depict, express or otherwise deal with matters of crime will be refused classification 3 Note 1. The Federal Court upheld the decision of the Chief Censor to refuse classification (i.e. ban) of Rabelais. The charges were later dropped. 4 Clayton, M. (2005). Interview. [Interview with Christopher van Opstal, 24/05/2005]. See also Classification (Publication, Films and Computer Games Act) Act 1995 5 Boey, H. (2005). Interview. [Interview with Christopher van Opstal, 19/05/2005]. Duncan, J. (2005). Interview. [Interview with Christopher van Opstal, 19/05/2005]. Fomiatti, L. (2005). Interview. [Interview with Christopher van Opstal, 19/05/2005]. Belford, A. (2005). Interview. [Interview with Christopher van Opstal, 19/05/2005]. 6 For example, in Australian Capital Television v The Commonwealth (1992) 177 CLR 106, six members of the High Court acknowledged the implied freedom of communication in government and political matters. Other judicially-considered cases in Rabelais, include Theophanous v Herald Weekly Times (1994) 182 CLR 104; Lange v Australian Broadcasting Commission (1997) 189 CLR 520; Levy v The State of Victoria (1997) 189 CLR 579 7 Pearson, M. (2005). Interview. [Interview with Christopher van Opstal, 23/05/2005] 8 French J and Sunberg J were the two other judges in Rabelais 9 Heerey J refers here to dissent as writings which advocate breaking the law or anarchy 10 Note 1 (Heerey J). By contrast, the appellants council argued that advocating theft was an appropriate means of reallocation of resources of political dissent or as a central tenet of Anarchist theory. The same argument is brought forward by Des Clark, Chief Censor of Australia. Clark, D. (2005). Interview. [Interview with Christopher van Opstal, 26/05/2005] 11 Clark, D. (2005). Interview. [Interview with Christopher van Opstal 26/05/2005]. Clayton also points out that a publication which incites crime must be banned under regulations by the OFLC, even though the publication may be of political nature. Note 4. 12 Note 4. See also Clayton, M. 1998 Censorship, Free Speech and the Rabelais Case, Legal Date, Vol. 10, No 1.; Clayton, M. and Borgeest, T. 1998, Free Speech and Censorship after the Rabelais Case, Media and Arts Law Review, Vol. 3 at 194 13 Note 1. The Rabelais edition also discussed political issues of death penalty in the United States and pending execution of a former black activist, Mumia Abu Jamal 14 Goodman, M. (2005). Interview. [Interview with Christopher van Opstal, 23/05/2005] 15 Pursuant to s 76120 of the California Education Code, the governing board of a community college shall adopt rules and regulations relating to the exercise of free expression by students. See California Education Code Section 66301. 16 Boey, H. (2005) Interview. [Interview with Christopher van Opstal, 19/05/2005] 17 Higher Education Support Amendment (Abolition of Compulsory Up-front Student Union Fees) Bill 2005 18 Aldrich, F. (2005). Interview. [Interview with Christopher van Opstal, 27/05/2005] 19 Note 13. If impending VSU is passed by the Senate in July, it will be necessary to cut funds to the printing of student publications. This will result to the disappearance of most student publications. 20 Hastings, G. (2004) VSU Legislation Experiences in WA, Victoria, and Federally, NUS Research at 5 21 Pollak, M. 1990, Sense and Censorship, Reed Publishers, Sydney, at p. 284

Analysis Of Malasias Foreign Policies Since Independence Politics Essay

Analysis Of Malasias Foreign Policies Since Independence Politics Essay The Ministry of Foreign Affairs or Wisma Putra as it is commonly known has been mandated to pursue the nations foreign policy in accordance with the Federal Constitution of Malaysia with the objective of protecting and promoting the nations interest at the international level. Malaysias foreign policy is premised on establishing close and friendly relations with countries in the community of nations.   It will continue to respect the internal affairs of other nations and advocate a policy of non-interference recognizing the sovereignty of nations. Since Malaysias independence in 1957 till today, the vision of our foreign policy remains consistent that is to safeguard Malaysias national interests as well as contribute towards a just and equitable community of nations.   This is achieved through upholding the countrys sovereignty and promoting universal peace; fostering friendly relations with foreign countries and protecting Malaysias interests in the regional and international arena.   In other words, Malaysia will continue to consolidate its relations with other countries and international organisations, both at the regional and international level. In line with the objectives of promoting and protecting Malaysian national interest abroad, the Ministry has established a total of 105 missions in 83 countries and appointed 53 Honorary Consuls who provide support and assistance in promoting Malaysias interest abroad. Since the independence of Malaya in 1957, the nations foreign policy has gone through several phases of significant transition with different emphases under five previous premierships.   The policy has been largely determined by the established national characteristics and succession of political leadership as well as by the dynamic regional and international environment. Tunku Abdul Rahman, the first Prime Minister of Malaysia held a markedly anti-Communist and pro-Western posture as the era saw the country threatened by the Communist insurgency.   The foreign policy during Tunkus time had to take into consideration the bipolar power struggle between opposing ideas of democracy and communism. Under the stewardship of Malaysias second premier Tun Abdul Razak, Malaysias foreign policy began to shift towards non-alignment and internationalism with Malaysia joining the Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC) and Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). A period of consolidation ensued under Tun Hussein Onn with ASEAN becoming the cornerstone of Malaysias foreign policy following the collapse of Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) in 1975, the withdrawal of the US military presence from Southeast Asia and the invasion of Kampuchea (now Cambodia) by Vietnam. During the premiership of Tun Dr. Mahathir in 1981, Malaysia began opening its doors to foster relations with more nations and became a symbol of a rising developing country.   Under Tun Mahathirs tenure, the nations foreign policy began adopting a much greater economic orientation in the countrys external relations while championing the rights, interests and aspirations of developing countries.   This approach led to the advocacy of the South-South Cooperation, a more proactive role in the G-77, the establishment of the G-15 and saw the Look East Policy being instituted.   This shift to the East greatly influenced Malaysias economic development.   Malaysia became the voice of the developing world and was a role model for many developing countries as it become well known for its active stance at the UN and other international conferences.   Malaysias participation in peacekeeping missions under the UN is also a testimony of the nations seriousness in instilling the will of the international community.   Since 1960, Malaysia has committed troops to Republic of Congo, Bosnia Herzegovina, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Namibia, Western Sahara, Iraq, Timor Leste and Lebanon. The fifth Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi continued to ensure that Malaysia was active in the international arena.   During his tenure, Malaysia played an instrumental role in the formulation and adoption of the ASEAN Charter which has been ratified by all ASEAN member states and subsequently entered into force on 15th December 2008.  During this period, Malaysia was also active in expanding the focus of OIC from being an organisation focused solely on political issues into one which focuses on the socio-economic development of Islamic countries.   The Islam Hadhari concept which promotes a form of civilisational Islam was also introduced by Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi and was accepted and recognised by the OIC member states at the 3rd Special Summit of OIC at Makkah in December 2005. Under the leadership of Prime Minister YAB Dato Sri Najib Tun Razak, Malaysia will continue to project a forward-looking and pragmatic foreign policy whilst continuing to facilitate trade, attract foreign investment as well as project Malaysia as a stable and peaceful country. Upon taking office in April 2009, the Prime Minister also stressed that Malaysias foreign policy under his administration would be shaped significantly by the 1Malaysia: People First, Performance Now concept. Among the key elements of the 1Malaysia concept is in realising the strength of Malaysia lies in its diversity.   This concept bodes well with the main vision of Malaysias Foreign Policy that is to protect and promote interests abroad and at the same time responsibly and effectively contribute towards the building of a fair and just world.   Dato Sri Najib believes that the interconnectedness of nations in the world means that Malaysia would benefit in applying 1Malaysia in its efforts in diplomacy and foreign relations. Synonymous with the 1Malaysia concept, Malaysia will continue to maintain close relations with all countries in the world and will continue to work with like-minded nations in pursuing national interest. YAB PM also introduced the Government Transformation Programme (GTP) that identified Key Results Area (KRAs) and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of the Ministry as a promise of commitment by the Government to the rakyat.   In line with this, the Ministry has identified 14 Key Performance Indicators to measure the success of the Ministry. The KRAs of the Ministry are as follows: a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Protection and promotion of Malaysias interests bilaterally, regionally and internationally through proactive diplomacy; b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Realisation of an ASEAN Community by 2015 via the ASEAN Political Security Community Blueprint, ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint and ASEAN Social Cultural Blueprint; c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enhancing Malaysias standing in the international community particularly in the framework of 1Malaysia in an ever changing geopolitical scenario; and d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Provision of prompt and effective services locally and abroad. Malaysia has also maintained excellent relations with other countries, bilaterally and multilaterally through existing regional and international mechanisms of ASEAN, UN and other organisations which we are a member of. Malaysias foreign policy is structured upon a framework of bilateralism, regionalism and multilateralism where its outreach is likening to a pattern of concentric circles.   ASEAN forms the core priority of Malaysias current foreign policy, in consideration of our neighbours as our closest allies.   Looking further afield, as a country with a strong Muslim majority, Malaysia also gives importance to the solidarity of the Ummah and the spirit of cooperation among the Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC).   Malaysias status as a developing nation makes it imperative for the country to engage actively in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the Commonwealth, Group of Seventy Seven (G77), Developing Eight (D8), Asia Middle East Dialogue (AMED), Far East Asia Latin America Cooperation (FEALAC), Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM) and Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).   No less important is the countrys continued active participation in the Commonwealth, the United Nations and other international organisations.   Through these organisations, Malaysia has sought to promote the South-South Cooperation among the developing countries and the Muslim world.   Malaysia also advocates the Prosper thy neighbour policy to enhance economic relations and cooperation with its neighbouring countries through Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-the Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA), Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMTGT) and other entities. Malaysia will continue to play a significant role in the various multilateral issues that affect our interests.   These issues include disarmament, counter terrorism, trafficking in persons, climate change and environmental issues.  Ã‚   As a member of the UN, Malaysia is a firm believer of international peace and security and an upholder of international law.   Malaysias election as the President of United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) for 2010 and the Chairmanship of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) were a further testimony of Malaysias positive international image. Malaysia will also continue to engage with like-minded nations, both in the region and beyond in ensuring its sovereignty and economic well being are preserved and protected.   Malaysia will continue with the principles of engagement and cooperation rather than isolationism and unilateral action.  Trade and investment opportunities will continue to be explored with our traditional trading partners and at the same time to develop strategic partnerships for trade and investment with countries in the Middle East, Africa, Latin America and other parts of Asia. In the decade leading up to 2020, Malaysia would have to deal with great changes in the global environment whilst improving and upgrading the countrys domestic conditions.   In recognising this challenge, it is vital that Malaysias foreign policy continues to focus on protecting national interests while responsibly and effectively contributing towards the building of a fair and just world. The fundamental principles of sovereign equality, mutual respect for territorial integrity, peaceful settlement of disputes as well as mutual benefit in relations are the guiding principles that would continue to guide Malaysias relations with other countries.   Ã‚  These principles have stood the test of time. Indeed, our steadfast adherence to these principles, supported by a consistent foreign policy, has established for Malaysia a credible image in the eyes of the international community. OBJECTIVE   Implementing foreign policy is a complex and challenging task. With the dynamic environment of world politics, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs needs to be constantly aware of changes and be able to effectively respond to ensure that Malaysias sovereignty and national interests are adequately protected and Malaysias views and positions are duly articulated in the international arena. The Ministry will coordinate and work closely with relevant Ministries and Agencies to establish workable terms of reference in implementing Malaysias national interests and to coordinate marketing and branding strategies for Malaysia abroad. In the formulation of foreign policy, every country has its own objective. In the case of Malaysia, it is as simple as the pursuit of Malaysias national interest at the international level. The Malaysian government will strive to ensure that Malaysia continues to play an active role in international relations for the benefit of the country. Principal emphasis in the pursuit of Malaysias foreign policy objectives include: Maintaining peaceful relations with all countries regardless of its ideology and political system; Adopting an independent, non-aligned, and principled stance in regional and international diplomatic affairs; Forging close relations and economic partnerships with all nations, particularly with ASEAN and other regional friends; Promoting peace and stability in the region through capacity building and conflict resolution measures; Playing an influential leadership role as Chair of the ASEAN, Non-aligned Movement (NAM) and Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) (As we did in the last few years); Participating actively and meaningfully in the United Nations, especially in the efforts to end injustice and oppression, and to uphold international law; and Projecting Malaysia as a leading example of a tolerant and progressive Islamic nation. FORMULATION OF FOREIGN POLICY    Malaysias foreign policy is basically an extension of Malaysias domestic policy. It is designed to defend and promote the countrys national, political, security, economic and other vital interests. It is geared towards promoting a peaceful regional and international environment, which would give Malaysia space to achieve all its national objectives without disruption from external threats.    Despite the diversity of views regarding the perception and explanation of foreign policy, no foreign policy can be formulated in a vacuum. It must serve to function in a dynamic environment. Malaysias foreign policy is no exception. Various geographical, historical, social and political determinants contributed to shaping the nature of Malaysias foreign policy and the conduct of the countrys international relations.    Our foreign policy seeks to promote mutual tolerance and cooperation amongst all countries that make up the fabric of international community. To this, Malaysia pursues an independent, principled and pragmatic foreign policy which rests on the values of peace, humanity, justice, and equality. Malaysias foreign policy is also premised on the principles of respect for the independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and non-interference in the affairs of other nations, peaceful settlement of disputes, peaceful co-existence and mutual benefit in relations. Due to globalization and the rise of powerful non-state actors, such as Multinational Corporations (MNCs), non-governmental organizations, and a variety of transnational groups, it is imperative for small nation states to cooperate even more closely. To this, Malaysia maintains friendly diplomatic, and trade relations with many countries throughout the world.    As a trading nation, we advocate a multilateral rule-based global trading system which would promote and safeguard the interests of all countries, whether developed or developing, in a fair and equitable manner. In this respect, Malaysia has long advocated the economic principle of prosper-thy-neighbor and not beggar-thy-neighbor. We believe that the global economic infrastructure should be that prosperity will beget prosperity. CRITERIA AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MALAYSIAS FOREIGN POLICY   Malaysias foreign policy is guided by three criteria: a) First, it must be a CREDIBLE policy: Exudes trust and confidence from other nations. In this regard, it has to be based on certain  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   internationally cherished principles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Serves the countrys best interest and remain a responsible member of the international community.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b) Second, it must be an ENLIGHTENED policy: Takes care of the interest of its citizens above all else.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Brings international recognition and admiration for Malaysia and   allows Malaysians to be good citizens of the     Ã‚  Ã‚   world. c) Third, it must be a CONSISTENT AND COHERENT policy:   Makes Malaysia an acceptable and reliable partner in interstate affairs. Succeeds in making Malaysia the preferred brand name in international relations. EVOLUTION OF MALAYSIAS FOREIGN POLICY    Foreign policy is not static. Its formulation is essentially a dynamic process. Hence, over the years, our foreign policy has evolved, taking account of the change in leadership as well as developments in the ever-changing global political and economic landscapes. Moreover, the advent of globalization and the transformation of interstate relations brought about by new and rapid changes in information technologies necessarily means that our foreign policy has to be adjusted and fine tuned to meet new challenges in a globalised world. The style and approaches in enunciating Malaysias foreign policy may differ in keeping with the personality of each past and present prime minister of Malaysia. A critical examination of Malaysias foreign policy since 1957 would show its steady evolution characterized by notable changes in emphasis, which took place with the change in Malaysias political stewardship. Briefly;   a) In the period 1957-1969, our country has just gained its independence. During this post independence period, under our first prime minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, our foreign policy was geared towards the survival of our newly independent nation. Our foreign policy then was markedly anti-Communist and pro-western in posture with close links to the Commonwealth. We were also a strong opponent of apartheid. Our posture towards regional cooperation also began to take root with the birth of ASA (1960), MAPHILINDO (1963) and ASEAN (1967). b) In the period 1970 -1976, under Tun Abdul Razak, as a member of the Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC), Malaysia began to identify itself as a Muslim nation. The search for new friends substantially increased the importance of NAM to Malaysia. We became markedly non-aligned and postured towards neutrality, peaceful co-existence and independence. We also began to distance ourselves from major powers, put strong emphasis on regionalism and developed contacts and diplomatic relations with communist countries. Investments from other than British sources began to be also welcomed.   c) A period of consolidation ensued under Tun Hussein Onn (1976-1981) with ASEAN becoming the cornerstone of Malaysias foreign policy following the collapse of Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) in 1975, the withdrawal of the US military presence from Southeast Asia and the invasion of Kampuchea (now Cambodia) by Vietnam. The First ASEAN Summit was held and Malaysia signed the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Bali in 1976. Further emphasis on independence, non-alignment and equidistance from the major powers was also made. d) A more dramatic shift in emphasis occurred when Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohammad took over as the fourth Prime Minister in 1981. Malaysias foreign policy stance began to take a much greater economic orientation than ever before, coupled with a strong and nationalistic defence of the rights, interests and aspirations of developing countries and the advocacy of south-south co-operation. Tun Dr. Mahathirs premiership saw the pursuit of numerous new initiatives such as: Antarctica as the Common Heritage of Mankind. The Look East Policy (LEP). Championing of the cause of developing countries on major social issues like environment, human rights and democracy. With the advent of globalization, Malaysians identified both the beneficial and adverse impact of globalization to the developing countries. Pro-active and passionate approach on Apartheid and Palestinian issues. Islamic Unity Chairmanship and hosting of the 10th OIC Summit, hosting of 1st Expo OIC, formation of D-8. International peace and security Malaysias membership in UNSC, peacekeeping role in a number of countries such as Cambodia, Somalia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Namibia and East Timor. Malaysia also actively championed against selectivity, double standards and pre-emptive action outside the ambit of the UN. Terrorism Malaysia forged strong regional and international cooperation in combating terrorism, strongly advocated against profiling by religion or ethnicity, proposed multifaceted approach in combating terrorism including identifying and eliminating the root causes, hosted OIC Foreign Ministers Meeting on Terrorism in 2002, established SEARCCT to primarily focus on training and capacity building. Opening of New Frontiers: Active bilateral engagements with African, Latin American and Eastern Europe countries, particularly in trade, investment and transfer technology in the spirit of South-South Cooperation. Includes opening of Diplomatic Missions and extension of Malaysian Technical Cooperation Program (MTCP) in these countries. Economic Orientation: East Asia Economic Cooperation (from EAEG to EAEC to ASEAN +3). Regional Development Cooperation Growth Triangle concept such as IMTGT, IMSGT, BIMP-EAGA. Group of 15 (G15) first advocated by Malaysia. Economic diplomacy reverse investments prosper thy neighbors, South-South cooperation, MIGHT, Langkawi International Dialogue (LID), South Africa International Dialogue (SAID). e) In the period 2003   and onwards, under the leadership of Dato Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, foreign policy initiatives were further refined and fine- tuned to project: Pragmatic response in meeting the current geopolitical and economic challenges. More sophisticated articulation of Malaysias views. Substance as a dynamic extension to existing policies. Influential leadership role as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC) and ASEAN; and Malaysia as a leading example of a tolerant and progressive Islamic Nation Islam Hadhari The evolution of the countrys foreign policy under successive prime ministers reflects a pragmatic response to the geopolitical and economic changes of their times. To be continually relevant to the countrys needs, foreign policy cannot remain static. But whilst changes in emphasis have become a general feature of Malaysian foreign policy, continuity has also been evident. Both the change and continuity mark a higher level of confidence and maturing of the country in the conduct of its international affairs. Indeed, in many ways Malaysias leadership role has been recognized on several issues of deep interest to the developing world.    As a trading nation, we are very much dependent on a peaceful international environment for our well being. Naturally, our foreign policy has to be oriented to allow for a greater focus on economic diplomacy. In the past, when we were producing mainly raw materials for the world, Malaysia had to compete with only a handful of countries. But now, when we have become an industrialized trading nation, we have no choice but to work harder, to compete better and to find new markets for our goods and services. We must find better ways to do business with the outside world. We need to find niches in which we have a competitive edge.    Towards this end, Malaysia has implemented a number of policies that have a strong foreign policy component that will contribute to the creation of a strong, dynamic and resilient economy. These policies include amongst others: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢LookEastPolicy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ReverseInvestment-ProsperThyNeighbour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢MalaysiaIncorporated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢South-SouthCooperation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢MalaysianTechnicalCooperationProgramme(MTCP) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Langkawi International Dialogue CONLUSION   One significant phenomenon that will impact strongly on Malaysias foreign policy as we move forward is globalization. Our greatest challenge would be to extract the best from the process of globalization and to give our best to the system. And in return to contribute towards making the world a much more peaceful and equitable place to live in, to provide leadership within our region and to demonstrate exemplary and responsible membership of the international community. On the political front, we see the end of the cold war. Yet the world today is no safer than we had been led to believe. The so-called friendly global village has not come about. Old conflicts either refuse to die or simply have a way of coming out of their graves to haunt us. In the meantime, new conflicts, at times much bloodier and brutal than the old ones, continue to emerge and rage or remain unresolved. Added to this, two other issues of great concern also remain, namely terrorism which continue to threaten Terrorism which continue to threaten the lives and property of innocent victims; and The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction which brings fourth the prospect of nuclear, chemical, and biological warfare. It is important; therefore, that our foreign policy be geared towards ensuring that more and more nations sign and ratify the relevant international conventions such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), and the Convention on Land Mines (CLM). The economic dimension of globalization has been even more disappointing. The financial crisis that descended upon East Asia in 1997 brought about not only social misery and economic disaster but political instability as well. Massive Unemployment, negative growth, stock market crashes and severe currency devaluation have pulled down millions of people below the poverty lines. And now, we are anxiously watching the effects of the possible economic meltdown following the global financial crisis. The severity of the situation calls for the whole business of economic globalization and financial and trade liberalization to be seriously addressed. This is another biggest foreign policy challenge for Malaysia. Malaysia will continue to press for the reforming the international financial architecture that is so prone to speculative manipulations and frequently excessive fluctuation. Malaysias activism at the international front has of course attracted attention and reaction from various quarters. Until recently, Malaysia had been the target for criticism for being too vocal. But this is something that we need to take in our own stride if Malaysia is to be proactive at the global level. Our foreign policy principles have stood the test of time. Indeed, our steadfast adherence to these principles, supported by a consistent foreign policy, has established for Malaysia certain credibility in the eyes of the international community. Malaysias initiatives at various regional and international fora have put the country on the world map. Increased economic prosperity and political stability has in fact enabled Malaysia to carve its own niche in the international scene. Making its presence felt has allowed Malaysia to exercise some influence in setting the international agenda. Being less dependent on foreign aid and assistance, Malaysia has been able to speak up on issues that other developing countries feel constrained to voice for fear of retribution by the major, particularly western, powers. The years ahead therefore would see our foreign policy specially oriented towards not only ensuring Malaysias domestic success but also internationally, as a geopolitical and economic player at the global level.

Cellular Radio, Isdn Networks And Satellite Communications :: essays research papers

Introduction In describing Cellular Radio, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) and Satellite Communications we must first have a general understanding of the meaning of these forms of Telecommunications. After a brief explanation of the different forms, they will be described in more detail. Then the present and future roles in Irish Telecommunications will be looked at and some examples given. This will then lead to the conclusion. 1. What is Cellular Radio? Cellular Radio is the use of Technology using low powered radio transmission for transmission and receiving voice or data to a telephone network. Users can be stationary or mobile. It means users are no longer constrained to place to place as it is a â€Å"wireless† system. 2. What is ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)? ISDN is a system which provides digital capacity i.e. voice, video and data transmission in digital form, to be sent and received by a customer. Unlike stand alone services such as telephone, telex, fax and data communications, ISDN is a network which can offer all these services as a package in which a user can talk, exchange data, faxes and other documents at the same time, instead of having to use different networks for these services. 3. What is Satellite Communications? This is the use of orbiting satellites to relay microwave transmissions from earth stations to the satellite an to re-transmit those signals back down to another earth station by means of microwave transmission. Cellular Radio At present there are two types of cellular radio systems in operation in Ireland. These are: 1. TACS This system is an analogue system in which the voice is transmitted by radio from the telephone to the nearest base station in analogue form. Analogue systems are at present throughout the world but each Country would have different standards. So a user can not use the phone in a different country, also as the signal it transmits is in analogue form the calls can be monitored quite easily with the help of a scanner. America’s version of analogue cellular radio is called AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System). 2. GSM (Global System for Mobiles) GSM is a more recent technical standard for cellular mobile phone systems, which was developed in Europe. It is a digital system, which voice and other sounds or data are converted to digital form before they are transmitted between the base station and the mobile phone and then converted back to analogue form. There are major advantages in using the GSM system as opposed to the TACS system:

Three Lives :: Women Feminism Facism Essays

Three Lives Maria drew dark lines underneath her lashes and on the tops of her lids. She began to smooth her skirt and her hair when Marco banged on the door of the bathroom and yelled that her turn was up. Between the family of ten, there was only one bathroom and three bedrooms. Maria’s older brothers had to share the living room, and the baby was in a crib next to her parents’ bed. She walked into the kitchen and her mother rolled her eyes at Maria when she saw the way she was done up, and Maria gave a piercing stare in return. She knew that looks were important, and that hers would win her a successful husband someday. Her hope was that she would not have to bear one child after the other the way her mother did in an effort to get the large family award. Maria had no interest in school, or reading, for she knew that these would get her nowhere. Her mother had been educated and had worked in a post office until recently, when a new law was passed. Maria thought that it was irresponsible of her mother to have a job, anyway. She should be tending to the family, not worrying about her career. Women were restricted from so many jobs, the most reliable (and natural) plan was that of becoming a housewife. Maria had never considered doing otherwise. Woman, made to ripen a child within her body for three-quarters of the year, made to nourish this child, with a secretion of her organism, for longer than a year, endowed with qualities that make her able to raise and educate the child at least through adolescence, nevertheless receives, in our civilization, the same education as if her functions were equal to man’s (Ferdinando Loffredo, Pickering-Iazzi, 30). Maria was sitting up straight at her desk in the classroom. Her teacher was boasting of his position in the Party. He called on Marco to have him speak of his loyalty to Il Duce. Marco said the same phrases that he heard spoken by his father every day in favor of Il Duce. Maria looked out the window. She was not listening to her brother, but daydreaming. She pictured herself the wife of an accomplice of Mussolini, and knew that nothing would make her more proud. A successful future in the party would therefore be inevitable for her children. Three Lives :: Women Feminism Facism Essays Three Lives Maria drew dark lines underneath her lashes and on the tops of her lids. She began to smooth her skirt and her hair when Marco banged on the door of the bathroom and yelled that her turn was up. Between the family of ten, there was only one bathroom and three bedrooms. Maria’s older brothers had to share the living room, and the baby was in a crib next to her parents’ bed. She walked into the kitchen and her mother rolled her eyes at Maria when she saw the way she was done up, and Maria gave a piercing stare in return. She knew that looks were important, and that hers would win her a successful husband someday. Her hope was that she would not have to bear one child after the other the way her mother did in an effort to get the large family award. Maria had no interest in school, or reading, for she knew that these would get her nowhere. Her mother had been educated and had worked in a post office until recently, when a new law was passed. Maria thought that it was irresponsible of her mother to have a job, anyway. She should be tending to the family, not worrying about her career. Women were restricted from so many jobs, the most reliable (and natural) plan was that of becoming a housewife. Maria had never considered doing otherwise. Woman, made to ripen a child within her body for three-quarters of the year, made to nourish this child, with a secretion of her organism, for longer than a year, endowed with qualities that make her able to raise and educate the child at least through adolescence, nevertheless receives, in our civilization, the same education as if her functions were equal to man’s (Ferdinando Loffredo, Pickering-Iazzi, 30). Maria was sitting up straight at her desk in the classroom. Her teacher was boasting of his position in the Party. He called on Marco to have him speak of his loyalty to Il Duce. Marco said the same phrases that he heard spoken by his father every day in favor of Il Duce. Maria looked out the window. She was not listening to her brother, but daydreaming. She pictured herself the wife of an accomplice of Mussolini, and knew that nothing would make her more proud. A successful future in the party would therefore be inevitable for her children.

american gods :: essays research papers

American Gods There was silence as they crossed the bridge. "Who did kill those men?" she asked. "You wouldn’t believe me if I told you." "I would." She sounded angry now. He wondered if bringing the wine to the dinner had been a wise idea. Life was certainly not a cabernet right now. "It’s not easy to believe." "I," she told him, "can believe anything. You have no idea what I can believe." "Really?" "I can believe things that are true and I can believe things that aren’t true and I can believe things where nobody knows if they’re true or not. I can believe in Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny and Marilyn Monroe and the Beatles and Elvis and Mister Ed. Listen-I believe that people are perfectible, that knowledge is infinite, that the world is run by secret banking cartels and is visited by aliens on a regular basis, nice ones that look like wrinkledy lemurs and bad ones who mutilate cattle and want our water and our women. I believe that the future sucks and I believe that the future rocks and I believe that one day White Buffalo Woman is going to come back and kick everyone’s ass. I believe that all men are just overgrown boys with deep problems communicating and that the decline in good sex in America is coincident with the decline in drive-in movie theaters from state to state. I believe that all politicians are unprincipled crooks and I still believe that they are better than the alternative. I believe that California is going to sink into the sea when the big one comes, while Florida is going to dissolve into madness and alligators and toxic waste. I believe that antibacterial soap is destroying our resistance to dirt and disease so that one day we’ll all be wiped out by the common cold like the Martians in War of the Worlds. I believe that the greatest poets of the last century were Edith Sitwell and Don Marquis, that jade is dried dragon sperm, and that thousands of years ago in a former life I was a one-armed Siberian shaman. I believe that mankind’s destiny lies in the stars. I believe that candy really did taste better when I was a kid, that it’s aerodynamically impossible for a bumblebee to fly, that light is a wave and a particle, that there’s a cat in a box somewhere who’s alive and dead at the same time (although if they don’t ever open the box to feed it it’ll eventuall y just be two different kinds of dead), and that there are stars in the universe billions of years older than the universe itself.

Skinner and The Behavioral Revolution in the Field of Psychology

Burrhus F. Skinner, a graduate of Harvard, earned a prominent reputation for his revolutionary practices of â€Å"radical behaviorism† in the field of psychology. Skinner’s research, theories and worldview concerning behaviorism continue to contribute to the science and study of psychology well into modern times. One important contribution revolves around the type of research that Skinner performed, including his well known experiments with the â€Å"Skinner Box. † Like Pavlov, Skinner’s research experiments created empirical techniques for psychologists to visibly observe behavioral changes in a subject that originate from environmental factors.These observations, along with others, led Skinner to develop the influential theory known as â€Å"operant conditioning. † Unlike previous psychological theories, operant conditioning emphasizes the process by which environmental situations effect a subject’s behavior (Friedman & Schustack, 2003). Al so through his experiments and observations, Skinner developed the idea of â€Å"shaping† behavior; or in other words creating a series of intricate behaviors in the subject that would otherwise not naturally occur.The proposal of operant conditioning and behavior shaping would eventually lead to the development of behavior modification often used by the cognitive-behavioral therapy of today. Skinner’s worldview, which denounced the importance of the psychological traits of the id, ego, and superego proposed by Freud, led to a revolution in the field of psychology which began turning studies away from invisible characteristics within a subject. His theories and worldview instead turned attention towards the more observable responses a subject develops towards their environment.A summary of the impact that Skinner’s work has had on the field of psychology concludes that it encourages those in the field of psychology today to pursue a more scientific outlook, as w ell as appreciate the environmental impacts on subject’s psychological development. B. F. Skinner and The Behavioral Revolution in the Field of Psychology Behavioral Psychology, as well as the general field of psychology, owes much of its progress to the research, influence and works of B. F. Skinner.Previous to Skinner’s appearance in the realm of psychology in 1931, most theories had strong ties to psychoanalytic schools of thought and very little, if any, empirical research to support their claims. Skinner, however, would not accept that such intangible things as â€Å"consciousness, † or â€Å"archetypes† existed. These things Freud , along with other psychoanalysts, adamantly spoke about but could not prove. Instead, Skinner believed that the so called â€Å"personality† included nothing more than a compilation of learned responses ( i. e. behaviors) encouraged by the environment (Friedman & Schustack, 2003).Inspired by Pavlov and Thorndike, S kinner set out to discover his own theories of behavior and the popular philosophy of â€Å"operant conditioning† which permeates the field of psychology today. Hence, the following information further explores how the works of this influential man, including his research methods, theories and personal worldview contributed to the growing field of psychology today. Through his sometimes controversial, but rigorously scientific research methods, Skinner has encouraged the field of psychology to operate more empirically.As an advocate of the behavioral movement, he believed that seeable and testable conditions provided more valuable explanations than the supposed â€Å"inner traits† of psychoanalytic theories. No one knew that theses traits ever truly existed. Skinner created a vast number of experiments that utilized animals such as pigeons and rats to demonstrate that behavior can indeed result from controlled or â€Å"operant† conditioning. Through positive and negative reinforcement and control over the environment he produced behaviors in his subjects that would otherwise serve no purpose in the natural world.His intended goal, and an important psychological revelation, of this behavior modification was to explain behavior as a response to the environment, not as a personal instinct or due to some internal physiological undertaking (Friedman & Schustack, 2003). Skinner successfully reached his goal and developed an important concept that added onto Pavlov’s discoveries of behavior. He proposed that the behavioral responses of each individual has an influence on the environment, and if the environment produces a reward for those particular responses, then they are more likely to reoccur (Friedman & Schustack, 2003).Skinner believed that applying the theory of operant conditioning to such personality traits as â€Å"extroversion† would prove that extroverts were not naturally prone to act as such, but instead learned their b ehavior because they were rewarded by the environment for their outgoing social actions. Consequently, the success of his experiments including those done with the â€Å"Skinner box† challenged the popular theories put forth by Freud that explained why humans behave in certain ways. Freud had no means in which to scientifically prove that people are driven to act by their id, ego, and superego.Skinner, on the other hand, had ample evidence to support that behaviors can be learned, altered, and even go extinct without adequate reinforcement from the environment. The resulting disparity between the two schools of thought initiated a strong motive for psychology as a whole to seek scientific evidence to prove proposed theories. As an example of this, Friedman and Schustack (2003) explain in their book, Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research, â€Å"Behaviorist and learning approaches have forced the field of personality to be much more experimental in its research and rigorous in its concepts than it otherwise would have been.† Personality was not the only branch of psychology affected, experimental psychology contributes much of the data it has available to Skinner’s scientific methods. Kantowitz, Roediger and Elmes (2001) state that, â€Å"The operant conditioning research designs are representative of the powerful research techniques developed by Skinner and his followers. Careful control has provided an enormously valuable database for psychology. â€Å" These are just two of dozens of examples that conclude Skinner’s research methods contributed to the empirical outlook and progress of psychology.Similarly, Skinner’s theories have furnished the field of psychology with many valuable tools to help explain, understand and to some extent, manage behavior. Operant conditioning, the process by which an experimenter can apply positive or negative reinforcers to obtain a desired behavior, spurred vast developments in t he field of cognitive-behavioral therapy. This is because, â€Å"the theory places its emphasis on the function of the behavior (what it does), rather than on the structure of personality† (Friedman & Schustack 2003).Skinner’s method of â€Å"shaping† has also created systematic techniques to encourage desired behavior. Each of these theories created a foundation for researchers to observe and understand that behaviors arise from, and are encouraged by, certain environmental causes. In addition, by understanding the behavioral response process, therapists and researchers in the field of psychology can use the theories beneficially as tools to help adjust various unwanted responses in their clients and subjects.For example, in specific instances of abnormal behavior, operant conditioning and shaping may help an individual overcome their perceived obstacles. To behaviorists such as Skinner, abnormal behaviors arise when individuals have not learned a correct respo nse to their environment, or were reinforced for their improper behaviors. The behavioral treatment of such established abnormalities employs a combination of Skinner’s methods (of shaping and conditioning) that will help the client to â€Å"unlearn† maladaptive behaviors and reinforce correct responses (Halgin and Whitbourne, 2003).In addition, Skinner’s worldview contributed to the field of psychology by revealing the complex interaction between the environment and the perceptions of an individual. This revelation broadened psychological understanding of our control over such things as emotions, behaviors and personal perception. Unlike psychoanalysts, who believed that our thoughts and actions were predestined by our subconscious instincts and drives, Skinner proved that what drives us most often comes from reinforcements from our environment.Friedman and Schustack (2003) tell readers that, â€Å"although Freud believed that horrible human problems could be traced to id forces and the death instinct, and although many biological psychologists believe there is an evolved aggressive drive, Skinner believed that most such problems – including war and crime- are just human behaviors that can be shaped through learning. † The authors go on to clarify that Skinner believed trying to explain internal causes simply confounded any study and obscured important information about the real motivation of behavior, the perceived reinforcement from the environment.Finally, the information provided hopefully allows one to conclude that B. F. Skinner’s, research methods, theories and worldview have created a lasting impact that affects and contributes to the current field of psychology. Many useful developments have come forth as a result of Skinner’s work including some of the techniques in modern day cognitive-behavioral therapy. Also due to Skinner’s methods, the of psychology as a whole now leans towards empirical r esearch to prove the integrity of theory. This important contribution allows psychology to scientifically test and strengthen its explorations into the human psyche.References D’Andrea, M. , Ivey, A. , Ivey, M. B. , & Simek-Morgan, L. (2002). Theories of Counseling and Psychology A Multicultural Perspective 5th Edition. New York: Allyn & Bacon. Elmes, D. G. , Kantowitz, B. , Roediger, H. L. (2001). Experimental Psychology 7th Edition. U. S. : Wadsworth Thomas Learning. Friedman, H. S. , Schustack, M. W. (2003). Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research. New York: Allyn & Bacon. Halgin, R. P. , Whitbourne, S. K. (2003). Abnormal Psychology Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders 4th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Religion & society Essay

Religion is a set of beliefs and practices, often centred upon specific supernatural and moral claims about reality. The functionalist, such as Emile Durkhiem sociological perspective about the role of religion in society is that; â€Å"Religion is exceptionally important because it has a great influence on everything from government to social order and family relationships. † They also believe religion maintains social solidarity and value consensus amongst society’s population and this helps maintain the well-being of society. Many feminist sociologist such as Armstrong, argue that religious institutions and beliefs help legitimise gender inequality. Like Marxist, feminist argue that religion is a product of patriarchy rather than capitalism. However, religion can maintain mechanism as it maintains the exiting system of exploitation, and reinforces class relationships and inequalities; Religion also diverts people’s attention away from the real sources of oppression – the ruling class, creating a false class conscience. This social control is also achieved because the ruling class adopts traditional religious beliefs and these believes legitimate and justifies, they’re social positions e. g. monarchs, ordained by â€Å"god† in modern society. My aim is to find out how important is religion to people in today’s society. This is because religion affects different societies in different ways and different forms, causing the forms of society to change. Religion can be a driving force in society, but as a reactionary rather than a radical way. So I am going to find out how different people from different cultures react to religion under different circumstances.

New Hire Communication Essay

Welcome to Apple, as a new hire I would like to introduce you to our Company culture and our process. As the new manager at Apple, you’re expected to follow our rules and regulations and train new employees according to the regulations enforced by the company. Company Culture At Apple, we are innovative, futuristic, high-tech, and terminated to reach our business goal of $10,000 sales per week. Our high-tech products are unique from cellphones, laptops, watches, and robo-pets. Our company is unique because we allow our employees to be creative and productive, we give them an opportunity to flourish with the company. Company Process Our Company Process to reach our sales goal of $10,000 per week is to have 90% close ratio. We have the most top selling products for the past three quarters, it’s important that we keep our numbers up and ask our customers what they like about our products and what else would other products that they would be interested in purchasing. Once finalizing a sale the customer is to receive a coupon book of various other products that we sell with the company. All sales are documented in our systems and a second receipt is kept within the register. Company Procedures Depending on the product the customer purchased, at Apple we show the customer how to use their device and to maintain it for a long life span. For instance, if the customer purchases an Iphone we show them how to  operate the device and downloads any apps they may be interested in and show them how to setup their emails, contacts, and etc. We show clients how to search and download apps that help them maintain their lifestyle. We help the client login in to their emails so they have them on hand without the use of a computer. If the customer had another phone we help them retrieve their contacts without the hassle of reentry. The iphone also comes with Siri who helps the user navigate through the phone or any question the researcher may have. Siri can call your contact, research information, and even offer the client a weather update. As our new manager at Apple, you are expected to follow our procedures and regulations and train all new employees to do the same. Our company is innovative and unique we offer our clients the best products available to them and build client relationships for future business with them.

Middle School vs. High School Essay

Waking up on the morning of the first day of high school felt like butterflies took over my stomach. I had to put together an impressing outfit, fix my hair, and put on appealing makeup. Knowing that in about an hour I would be entering a totally different school environment than what I’m used to frightened me. Within every period of the school day, the butterflies started to flutter out of my stomach and into my new learning atmosphere. Although students tend to fear high school and think it is a nightmare to transition from middle school to the next level, attending high school is not much of a dramatic change. Before beginning high school, you are required to pick levels that you feel comfortable with that correspond with the school-picked courses. You also have to choose three elective classes. Any of these classes could include Art, Chorus, Intro to Family and Consumer Science, Accounting, Graphic Presentations, and many more. All of your chosen classes receive a letter grade, just like middle school, but the required classes are picked according to your academic capability. For example, if you are the type of student that does not do well scholarly, you would choose a level three class. This option is a great way to do better in school. Also in high school, there are more extracurricular options. High school offers a numerous amount of clubs and sports. From soccer and swimming to ping pong club and French club. If any of the extracurricular activities don’t interest you, you even have the opportunity to create your own club with the help of a teacher. In middle school, your classes are already selected and you cannot change them. These classes are mandatory, just like high school, but everyone learns at the same level. This can be a disadvantage for students who take longer to process than others. Also, in middle school, you cannot create your own clubs. The sports and clubs the school provides are your only selections. Transitioning to high school is a big eye opener especially because of the people. Guys have facial hair and girls are more matured. High school goes hand in hand with many different kinds of people and different types of cliques as well. Some examples are jocks, nerds, populars, druggies, and gays. In middle school, there were less people making everyone familiar with  each other. Some being naà ¯ve and inexperienced, they are not used to seeing different types of people. Overall, high school is a lot bigger. Not only is there a downstairs, but an upstairs as well and there are many more hallways. Even though classes are farther apart, there is more time in between classes. In fact, three minutes more than middle school. This allows time to go to your locker before a class and you can even stop to talk in the hallways. Since middle school allowed only two minutes in between classes, you had to be quick with exchanging books. In high school, you can take your time and arrive to class on time. The transition to high school is a big step in education, but it does not have to be a feared one. A new environment brings with it new challenges and worries, however, after awhile you will realize it wasn’t much of a striking change as you thought.

Enzymatic Activity Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enzymatic Activity - Lab Report Example The purpose of the above named experiment is determination of whether the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide is endothermic or exothermic reaction. The experiment is mainly testing two substances. The two different substances are potatoes and meat and preferably beef liver for the purposes of discerning whether there is maintaining breakdown involving different materials. In such an experiment, an exothermic reaction is all about releasing heat energy where there is higher temperature than the initial whereas an endothermic reaction is all about absorption of heat energy and in this case the energy in subject is lower than the initial. Also in this experiment there is Catalase which is a biological enzyme, yeast which showed bubbling. This is similar to the many proteins employed by the human body and used to help in breaking down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water through lowering the reaction activation energy. The very substance in subject accelerates chemical reactions but permanently changes or gets used up in the process. It has not yet been proven whether both the liver and the potato contain any Catalase in them. The hypothesis was supported because the liver is a meat while potato is a starch thus both affect how the entire process works in breaking the substances. Several things could be done to improve the experiment including keeping the test tubes much further apart from each other for the purposes of preventing any possible mixing. The second way is keeping every starting temperature constant. As the data shows, tests were started at different temperatures thus not reliable. The third thing is making sure that the thermometers are wiped after every measurement and after every stirring to prevent any possible mixing. The last recommendation would be conducting the experiment in an enclosed space to get better results. The results in the second experiment do not vary much from the

Discuss the similarities and differences between organisms in the Essay

Discuss the similarities and differences between organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea - Essay Example Archaea cell wall does not have a cell membrane and peptidoglycan and utilizes ether-linked lipids compared to an ester-linked lipids used by bacteria (Decker and Hinton, 2013). Archaea flagella developed from type IV pili bacterial while bacterial flagella advanced from type III secretion system. Bacterial flagellum is hollow and appears alike a stalk assembled by subunits that move up freely on the central pore causing a growth on the tip of flagella while, in archaea, flagella subunits grow at the base The reproduction of Archaea is asexual utilizing binary fission process, fragmentation and budding. Bacterial reproduction is asexually through a process binary fission, fragmentation budding, but bacteria show a unique ability by forming spores that enable them remain dormant for many years, characteristics not displayed by Archaea. Growth of bacteria follows three phases, the lag phase where cells adaptation to the environment, log phase where exponential growth happens and stationary phase when depletion of nutrients occur (Szukics, Hackl,and Zechmeister, 2012). Archaea survives in places and environment of extreme and cruel conditions like springs, marshlands, salt lakes, oceans, ruminants gut, and humans. Bacteria are everywhere and found in soil, radioactive waste, hot springs, organic matter, plants and animals bodies. These two microorganisms have a difference in biochemical and genetic ways (Mao, Yannarell, Davis, and Mackie 2013). Szukics, U., Hackl, E., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., & Sessitsch, A. (2012). Rapid and dissimilar response of ammonia oxidizing archaea and bacteria to nitrogen and water amendment in two temperate forest soils.  Microbiological research,  167(2), 103-109. Mao, Y., Yannarell, A. C., Davis, S. C., & Mackie, R. I. (2013). Impact of different bioenergy crops on N†cycling bacterial and archaeal communities in soil.  Environmental microbiology,  15(3),

Leadership Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership Communication - Research Paper Example From the essay it is clear that the concept of leadership communication comprises of two terms such as ‘leadership’ and ‘communication’. The term leadership has been defined in a number of ways. However, generally it is agreed that a leader is an individual who coordinates, guides, directs, motivates, and controls others. A leader persuades his followers to work for achieving the predefined goals and objectives of the organization. In order to influence his followers, leaders may adopt a wide variety of leadership strategies including simple structure, machine bureaucracy, and adhocracy. Through the application of those leadership models, leaders motivate and command his subordinates and control various situations in different manner. This discussion declares that every leader obtains better or poor results based on the efficiency of his operations. A leader cannot influence his followers and hence achieve desired goals if he lacks proper communication skills. Effective flow of leadership communication may be often interrupted by either the sender or the receiver even though other external factors can have also an influence on this process. Better communication ability would be a key tool for a leader to create and maintain well understanding and trust that are essential to foster his subordinates so that they may follow his operational tactics. A leader with good communication skills can maintain a healthy relationship with his followers.

Mid sized corporation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mid sized corporation - Research Paper Example Therefore it would be ethical to settle the case with Mr. Larry and also to pay him certain amount of money as a result of which he doesn’t reveal the secrets of the company. However certain policies like termination, penalty or certain other strict punishment must be imposed upon him if this happens in the near future (Herman, 2010). If he is not stopped from doing so then there are chances that he may repeat these kinds of activities. As the company is under at-will state which states that the employees can quit at any time as well as the employer can fire an employee at any time for any reason (Runkell, n.d.). Hence if this is repeated in the near future the company has the right to terminate him as per the law. Herman, S., (2010). Male Sexual Harassment Claims on the Rise. Addressing Male Sexual Harassment in the Workplace. Retrieved Online on October 1, 2010 from http://www.hrmreport.com/news/male-sexual-harassment-claims-rising/ Ricadela, A., (2010). HP’s Former CEO Said to Settle with Sexual-Harassment Accuser. Bloomberg. Retrieved Online on October 1, 2010 from